View source for R1b-M343 and West Hunter-Gatherers

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Haplogroup R1b-M343 was deemed to have originated ca. 16400 BC in Western Asia[Karafet et al. 2008], and it was proposed that these lineages survived the Last Glacial Maximum in refugia near the southern Ural Mountains and the Aegean Sea[Lobov 2009]. It was also proposed that its latest westward migration happened during the Late Neolithic[Myres et al. 2011]. 

However, an Epigravettian individual of haplogroup R1b1a-L754, dated ca. 12030 BC, was found in Villabruna[Fu et al. 2016]. Based on the most recent data of modern populations, an origin of R1b1a-L754 ca. 16900 BC is suggested, with a time to MRCA ca. 15100 BC. Another old European sample classified as R1b-M343 comes from a western hunter-gatherer in Iboussieres. 

Hunter-gatherers from the Iron Gates prove the regional continuity of haplogroup R1b1a-L754 (xR1b1a1a-P297, xR1b1a1a2-M269). These samples were probably from branches that have not survived in modern populations, and they cover an extensive period spanning from the first half of the 10th millennium to the first half of the 6th millennium BC, with the latest samples showing already Middle East farmer ancestry[Mathieson et al. 2017][González-Fortes et al. 2017]. 

More samples possibly related to these ancient branches are found later in Ukraine, Iberia, and central European Neolithic in Quedlinburg as R1b1a-L754 (xR1b1a1a2-M269) ca. 3590 BC[Haak et al. 2015]. These samples, coupled with R-M207 samples found in Ganj Dareh (Iranian Neolithic) in the first half of the 9th millennium might suggest a southern Eurasian migration route for R1b1-L278 lineages, through the Iranian plateau.

The samples of basal R1b-M343* lineage in modern populations of southern Kazakhstan[Myres et al. 2011] and Iran[Grugni et al. 2012] give further support to the southern migration route into Europe. Basal R1b1-L278* lineage was found in five cases out of 5,326 cases studied – 3 Italians, 1 West Asian, 1 East Asian[Cruciani et al. 2010] –, which also point to a potential ancestral migration into Europe.

Mesolithic R1b-M343 lineages from Villabruna (Italy ca. 12000 BC) to the latest south-eastern European hunter-gatherers cluster closely together. Their ancestry is defined as of Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), which includes hunter-gatherer individuals from Bichon (Switzerland ca. 11700 BC), Loschbour (Luxembourg ca. 6100 BC), as well as samples from La Braña (Iberia ca. 5865 BC), and Koros (Hungary ca. 5710 BC). Ancient individuals from France, Sicily, Croatia, France, and Germany share this ancestry, which suggests that WHG was distributed widely in Europe for at least six thousand years, and probably expanded from a south-eastern European refugium following the last Ice Age ca. 13000 BC[Mathieson et al. 2017].

<span class="plainlinks">[https://indo-european.eu/maps/palaeolithic/ https://indo-european.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/palaeolithic_cut.jpg]</span>
''Diachronic map of Palaeolithic migrations.''

== References ==

* [*Cruciani et al. 2010] Cruciani, F., B. Trombetta, D. Sellitto, A. Massaia, G. Destro-Bisol, E. Watson, E. Beraud Colomb, J. M. Dugoujon, P. Moral, and R. Scozzari. 2010. Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages. Eur J Hum Genet 18 (7):800-7.

* [*Fu et al. 2016] Fu, Q., C. Posth, M. Hajdinjak, M. Petr, S. Mallick, D. Fernandes, A. Furtwangler, W. Haak, M. Meyer, A. Mittnik, B. Nickel, A. Peltzer, N. Rohland, V. Slon, S. Talamo, I. Lazaridis, M. Lipson, I. Mathieson, S. Schiffels, P. Skoglund, A. P. Derevianko, N. Drozdov, V. Slavinsky, A. Tsybankov, R. G. Cremonesi, F. Mallegni, B. Gely, E. Vacca, M. R. Morales, L. G. Straus, C. Neugebauer-Maresch, M. Teschler-Nicola, S. Constantin, O. T. Moldovan, S. Benazzi, M. Peresani, D. Coppola, M. Lari, S. Ricci, A. Ronchitelli, F. Valentin, C. Thevenet, K. Wehrberger, D. Grigorescu, H. Rougier, I. Crevecoeur, D. Flas, P. Semal, M. A. Mannino, C. Cupillard, H. Bocherens, N. J. Conard, K. Harvati, V. Moiseyev, D. G. Drucker, J. Svoboda, M. P. Richards, D. Caramelli, R. Pinhasi, J. Kelso, N. Patterson, J. Krause, S. Paabo, and D. Reich. 2016. The genetic history of Ice Age Europe. Nature 534 (7606):200-5.

* [*González-Fortes et al. 2017] González-Fortes, Gloria, Eppie R. Jones, Emma Lightfoot, Clive Bonsall, Catalin Lazar, Aurora Grandal-d’Anglade, María Dolores Garralda, Labib Drak, Veronika Siska, Angela Simalcsik, Adina Boroneanţ, Juan Ramón Vidal Romaní, Marcos Vaqueiro Rodríguez, Pablo Arias, Ron Pinhasi, Andrea Manica, and Michael Hofreiter. 2017. Paleogenomic Evidence for Multi-generational Mixing between Neolithic Farmers and Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Lower Danube Basin. Current Biology.

* [*Grugni et al. 2012] Grugni, V., V. Battaglia, B. Hooshiar Kashani, S. Parolo, N. Al-Zahery, A. Achilli, A. Olivieri, F. Gandini, M. Houshmand, M. H. Sanati, A. Torroni, and O. Semino. 2012. Ancient migratory events in the Middle East: new clues from the Y-chromosome variation of modern Iranians. PLoS One 7 (7):e41252.

* [*Haak et al. 2015] Haak, W., I. Lazaridis, N. Patterson, N. Rohland, S. Mallick, B. Llamas, G. Brandt, S. Nordenfelt, E. Harney, K. Stewardson, Q. Fu, A. Mittnik, E. Banffy, C. Economou, M. Francken, S. Friederich, R. G. Pena, F. Hallgren, V. Khartanovich, A. Khokhlov, M. Kunst, P. Kuznetsov, H. Meller, O. Mochalov, V. Moiseyev, N. Nicklisch, S. L. Pichler, R. Risch, M. A. Rojo Guerra, C. Roth, A. Szecsenyi-Nagy, J. Wahl, M. Meyer, J. Krause, D. Brown, D. Anthony, A. Cooper, K. W. Alt, and D. Reich. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522 (7555):207-11.

* [*Karafet et al. 2008] Karafet, T. M., F. L. Mendez, M. B. Meilerman, P. A. Underhill, S. L. Zegura, and M. F. Hammer. 2008. New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Genome Research 18 (5):830-838.

* [*Lobov 2009] Lobov, Artem Sergeevich. 2009. Структура генофонда субпопуляций башкир, Институт биохимии и генетики, Уфимский научный центр РАН, Уфа.

* [*Mathieson et al. 2017] Mathieson, Iain, Songül Alpaslan Roodenberg, Cosimo Posth, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Nadin Rohland, Swapan Mallick, Iñigo Olade, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht, Olivia Cheronet, Daniel Fernandes, Matthew Ferry, Beatriz Gamarra, Gloria González Fortes, Wolfgang Haak, Eadaoin Harney, Ben Krause-Kyora, Isil Kucukkalipci, Megan Michel, Alissa Mittnik, Kathrin Nägele, Mario Novak, Jonas Oppenheimer, Nick Patterson, Saskia Pfrengle, Kendra Sirak, Kristin Stewardson, Stefania Vai, Stefan Alexandrov, Kurt W. Alt, Radian Andreescu, Dragana Antonović, Abigail Ash, Nadezhda Atanassova, Krum Bacvarov, Mende Balázs Gusztáv, Hervé Bocherens, Michael Bolus, Adina Boroneanţ, Yavor Boyadzhiev, Alicja Budnik, Josip Burmaz, Stefan Chohadzhiev, Nicholas J. Conard, Richard Cottiaux, Maja Čuka, Christophe Cupillard, Dorothée G. Drucker, Nedko Elenski, Michael Francken, Borislava Galabova, Georgi Ganetovski, Bernard Gely, Tamás Hajdu, Veneta Handzhyiska, Katerina Harvati, Thomas Higham, Stanislav Iliev, Ivor Janković, Ivor Karavanić, Douglas J. Kennett, Darko Komšo, Alexandra Kozak, Damian Labuda, Martina Lari, Catalin Lazar, Maleen Leppek, Krassimir Leshtakov, Domenico Lo Vetro, Dženi Los, Ivaylo Lozanov, Maria Malina, Fabio Martini, Kath McSweeney, Harald Meller, Marko Menđušić, Pavel Mirea, Vyacheslav Moiseyev, Vanya Petrova, T. Douglas Price, Angela Simalcsik, Luca Sineo, Mario Šlaus, Vladimir Slavchev, Petar Stanev, Andrej Starović, Tamás Szeniczey, Sahra Talamo, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Corinne Thevenet, Ivan Valchev, Frédérique Valentin, Sergey Vasilyev, Fanica Veljanovska, Svetlana Venelinova, Elizaveta Veselovskaya, Bence Viola, Cristian Virag, Joško Zaninović, Steve Zäuner, Philipp W. Stockhammer, Giulio Catalano, Raiko Krauß, David Caramelli, Gunita Zariņa, Bisserka Gaydarska, Malcolm Lillie, Alexey G. Nikitin, Inna Potekhina, Anastasia Papathanasiou, Dušan Borić, Clive Bonsall, Johannes Krause, Ron Pinhasi, and David Reich. 2017. The Genomic History Of Southeastern Europe. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/135616

* [*Myres et al. 2011] Myres, N. M., S. Rootsi, A. A. Lin, M. Jarve, R. J. King, I. Kutuev, V. M. Cabrera, E. K. Khusnutdinova, A. Pshenichnov, B. Yunusbayev, O. Balanovsky, E. Balanovska, P. Rudan, M. Baldovic, R. J. Herrera, J. Chiaroni, J. Di Cristofaro, R. Villems, T. Kivisild, and P. A. Underhill. 2011. A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe. Eur J Hum Genet 19 (1):95-101.
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